ESSENTIALS
01 AEROSPACE ESSENTIALS
The study of the properties of moving air and the interactions between the air and solid bodies moving through it is called Aerodynamics.
AERIAL VEHICLE(AV) AIRFLOW: FORCES IN FLIGHT
Aviators will discover different forces acting on aircraft in flight. Discover how these forces affect the aircraft's stability, performance, and safety.
Thrust
A force that moves an aircraft through air
Drag
A force that resists movement of aircraft through air
Lift
A force that acts on an aircraft in flight opposite to gravity
Gravity
A force that attracts an object toward the center of Earth
SUPERSONIC AERIAL VEHICLE AIRFLOW: FORCES IN FLIGHT
Supersonic Flow
Supersonic flow is the flow of a fluid (such as air) at speeds that are greater than the speed of sound in that fluid.
Wave Drag
Wave drag is a type of drag that occurs when an object, such as an aircraft, travels through a fluid (such as air) at supersonic speeds.
01 STRUCTURES ESSENTIALS
The aircraft structure refers to the external and internal physical components that make up an aircraft and provide it with its shape and support.
AERIAL VEHICLE(AV) EXTERNAL STRUCTURES: AIRCRAFT ANATOMY
Aviators will discover the various parts and systems that make up an aircraft and allow it to function. This includes the structural components that give the aircraft its shape and support, as well as the systems and equipment that allow the aircraft to perform its intended functions.
Fuselage
The main body of the aircraft, which houses the passengers, crew, and cargo.
Wings
The horizontal surfaces that provide lift and allow the aircraft to fly.
Empennage
The tail section of the aircraft, which includes the horizontal and vertical stabilizers and the rudder.
Engines
The powerplants that generate thrust and propel the aircraft through the air.
Landing gear
The wheels, struts, and other components that allow the aircraft to take off and land.
Control surfaces
The movable surfaces that allow the pilot to control the aircraft's attitude and direction.
Cockpit
The area where the pilot and other crew members sit and operate the aircraft.
Avionics
The electronic systems that enable the aircraft to communicate, navigate, and perform other functions.
AERIAL VEHICLE(AV) INTERNAL STRUCTURES: AIRCRAFT ANATOMY
Aviators will discover The internal structure of an aircraft various components and systems that are contained within the aircraft's fuselage or body.
Structural components
These include the various beams, struts, and other elements that make up the aircraft's frame and provide it with its shape and support.
Powerplants
These include the engines, fuel systems, and other components that generate the power needed to propel the aircraft through the air.
Control systems
These include the various mechanisms and systems that allow the pilot to control the aircraft's attitude, direction, and altitude.
Avionics
These are the electronic systems that enable the aircraft to communicate, navigate, and perform other functions.
Payload
This refers to the equipment or cargo that the aircraft is designed to carry.
Life support systems
These include the systems that provide the aircraft's occupants with the necessary air, temperature, and other conditions for survival.
Interior components
These include the various fixtures, fittings, and equipment that make up the aircraft's interior, such as seats, overhead bins, and galley.
01 NAVIGATION ESSENTIALS
The study of various systems and techniques that are used to determine the position, course, and altitude of an aircraft and to guide it to its destination. Navigation is an essential function of aircraft, as it allows pilots to safely and accurately navigate to their intended destinations and avoid obstacles and other hazards along the way.
AERIAL VEHICLE(AV) NAVIGATION: PRINCIPLES OF NAVIGATION
The principles of navigation for aircraft are similar to those for other vehicles and vessels, but there are some specific considerations that apply to aircraft due to globe in not flat.
THE Imaginary Lines
There are several imaginary lines that are used to divide the globe into distinct regions or to mark significant locations or features
Latitude lines
These are circles that are parallel to the equator and are used to measure the distance north or south of the equator. Latitude is expressed in degrees, with 0 degrees at the equator and 90 degrees at the North and South Poles.
Longitude lines
These are circles that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and are used to measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees longitude). Longitude is also expressed in degrees.
International Date Line
This is an imaginary line that roughly follows a 180-degree longitude and is used to mark the transition between one day and the next.
Great Circle
This is an imaginary line that divides the globe into two equal halves, and it is the shortest distance between any two points on the globe.
Distances
Distances and speeds are measured using various units on earth and in space. Nautical mile and Knots are used in aviation, sea and space travel.
Chart Projections
A chart projection is a way of representing the three-dimensional surface of the earth on a two-dimensional map. There are many different chart projections that have been developed over the years, and each has its own set of characteristics and properties.
04 MATERIALS ESSENTIALS
The study of the materials that are used in the construction of aircraft. These materials are chosen based on their properties and characteristics, such as their strength, weight, corrosion resistance, and other factors.
AERIAL VEHICLE(AV) MATERIAL: TYPES OF MATERIALS
Aviators will discover different types of materials that are used in aircraft construction, and the choice of materials depends on the specific application and the requirements of the aircraft.
05 PROPULSION ESSENTIALS
05 PROPULSION ESSENTIALS
An aircraft propulsion system is a system that generates the thrust necessary to propel an aircraft through the air
AERIAL VEHICLE (AV) PROPULSION: PROPULSION PRINCIPLES
Aviation will be discover the concept of Propulsion.
AERIAL VEHICLE (AV) PROPULSION: TRADTIONAL TYPES OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Aircraft propulsion is achieved by air-breathing engines, i.e., A gas or working fluid is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine.
Internal Combustion System (ICE)
An internal combustion engine is a type of engine that converts fuel into energy using a chemical reaction called combustion
Jet Engine
A jet engine is a type of aircraft propulsion system that generates thrust by accelerating a jet of gas to high speeds
Jet Engine with Turbojet
The turbojet engine works by sucking in air through an intake at the front of the aircraft
Turbofan
An aircraft jet propulsion system with a turbofan works similarly to a turbojet but with some additional features that make it more efficient and capable of operating at different speeds and altitudes.
Turboprop
An aircraft turboprop propulsion system uses a turbine engine to drive a propeller.
Ramjet
A ramjet has no moving parts and does not use a turbine to compress the air
Turboshaft
An aircraft turboshaft propulsion system is a jet engine that uses a turbine to drive a shaft, which can then be used to power various mechanical systems on the aircraft, such as the propeller, rotors, or generators.
AERIAL VEHICLE (AV) PROPULSION: EMERGING TYPES OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS
These are propulsion systems currently either in research & development or early stage of adoption
Sustainable Aviation Fuels Propulsion System
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are alternative fuels that are designed to reduce the environmental impact of aviation.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Propulsion System
Hydrogen as a power source can be burned in a Jet Engine or a Hydrogen internal combustion engine or power a fuel cell to generate electricity to power a propeller
Electric Propulsion System
Electric aircraft propulsion systems are systems that use electric motors to generate the thrust needed to propel an aircraft through the air. These systems typically use electricity, which is stored in batteries or generated by a fuel cell, to power the motors.
Supersonic Propulsion System
Supersonic aircraft propulsion systems are designed to power aircraft that can fly at speeds greater than the speed of sound, which is approximately 767 mph (1234 km/h) at sea level.
06 FUELS
The study of fuels that are used to power the engines of aircraft. The choice of fuel for an aircraft is typically based on a variety of factors, including the type of engine, the performance requirements of the aircraft, and the availability and cost of the fuel.
AERIAL VEHICLE (AV) FUELS: TYPES of FUELS
Aviators will discover the different types of traditional and emerging aviation fuels
TRADITIONAL FUELS
Traditional aviation fuels are primarily derived from fossil sources, such as petroleum.
Aviation Gas (AVGAS)
This is a type of fuel that is used in small aircraft with piston engines. It is a highly refined form of gasoline that has a low octane rating and is highly resistant to detonation.
Jet Fuel
This is a type of fuel that is used in jet engines and turboprop engines. It is a highly refined form of kerosene that has a low freezing point and a high flash point, which makes it suitable for use at high altitudes.
EMERGING FUELS
Emerging aviation fuels are alternative fuels that are being developed as potential replacements for traditional fossil-based aviation fuels. These fuels are being explored as a way to reduce the environmental impact of aviation and to reduce the industry's reliance on fossil fuels.
Sustainable Aviation Fuels(SAFs)
SAF are alternative fuels that are developed to be more sustainable and have a lower environmental impact than traditional fossil-based aviation fuels. These fuels are typically made from renewable feedstocks, such as plant matter or waste products, and they can be made using a variety of processes
Compressed or Liquid Natural Gas
Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquid natural gas (LNG) are potential alternatives to traditional fossil-based aviation fuels. Both of these fuels are derived from natural gas, which is a fossil fuel that is composed primarily of methane.
Liquid Hydrogen (H2)
Hydrogen is a potential alternative fuel for aviation that has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon emissions of aircraft. Hydrogen is a clean-burning fuel that produces only water when it is burned, and it has a high energy density, which means that it has the potential to provide a long range for aircraft.